ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATIONS
| SPECTROSCOPY |
APPLICATIONS |
| Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV/Vis) | To analyse molecular (organic) and ionic species capable of absorbing at UV or Visible wavelengths in dilute solutions. |
| FourierTransform InfraredSpectroscopy (FT-IR) | To analyse only molecular compounds (organic compounds, natural products, polymers, etc.). |
| FourierTransform RamanSpectroscopy (FT-Raman) | To analyse molecular (organic) compounds which are not responding well in the IR region and hence, it is an alternate to IR. |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) | To identify and characterize the organic and inorganic compounds. |
| Microwave Spectroscopy | To analyse simple gaseous molecules in Far IR region, to study their stereo chemistry. |
| Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR) | To study the formation and life time of the free radicals formed in organic reactions and also finds applications in biological works. |
| Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy | To study the molecular and ionic compounds in dilute solutions capable of giving fluorescence. |
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CHROMATOGRAPHY |
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| High Performance Liquidchromatography (HPLC) | To separate and analyse complex mixtures or solutions which include liquids and solids of both organic and inorganic origins. |
| Gas Chromatography (GC) Volatile | To separate and analyse mixtures of organic compounds, solvent extracts and gases. |
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THERMAL ANALYSIS |
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| Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) | To study the mass changes of materials like polymers, glasses, ceramics, etc., such as evaporation, decomposition gas absorption, de- sorption, dehydration, etc |
| X-RAY TECHNIQUE
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
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| Spectrometry and | To identify the elements and their valence states present in the surface of the materials. |
| X-Ray Photoemission
Spectrometry (XPS) Ray Diffractometry (XRD) |
To study the crystalline properties of Solid substances |
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MICROSCOPY |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | To study the topography, electronic structure and compositions of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites and biological Materials |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | To study the local structures, morphology, and dispersion of multicomponent polymers, cross sections and crystallizations of metallic alloys, semiconductors, microstructure of composites, etc. |
| Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) | To study the hardness and topography of materials like ceramics, polymers, composites, etc., on a nano-scale range. |
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ELECTRO-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES |
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| To study and determine metals, metal complexes and organic compounds in trace levels.
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| Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) | To study and characterize biologically active compounds like proteins, amino acids and other bio-molecules. |
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MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES |
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| Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC) | To monitor pollutants in environmental studies by determining the carbon contents of the trace compounds. |
| Elemental Analyzer (CHN/S) | To estimate percentage compositions of elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur present in newly synthesized organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, etc. To analyse and quantitative. |
| Circular Dichroism (CD) and Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) | To get the structural information of optically active Compounds like, amino acids, proteins, etc. |
| Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) and Vibrational Linear Dichroism (VLD) | Same as above but in the IR region. VLD measurement is employed to study the molecular orientations of thin polymer films. |
| Mass Spectrometry (MS) | To identify the organic compounds.
Often used as detectors with HPLC and GC |
| Laser Light Scattering System (LLIS) | In the study of macromolecules like polymers, gels, proteins, etc., for determining molecular mass & size and their associations. |
Dr.N.Sriram,
Professor & HOD,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Holy Mary college of Pharmacy,
Hyderabad.
